Literature, Love and Life.

Title: The Educational Plight/Marginalization of Transgenders in Pakistan: Challenges and Solutions

Abstract:

This research article explores the educational challenges faced by transgender individuals in Pakistan. Despite significant progress in transgender rights, access to education remains a significant concern, hindering the social inclusion and development of this marginalized community. This study aims to examine the barriers that transgenders encounter in pursuing education, including social stigmatization, lack of policy implementation, discriminatory practices, and limited access to educational resources. Moreover, the research proposes effective strategies and policies that can promote transgender-inclusive education, ensuring equal opportunities for all citizens, irrespective of gender identity. Through an in-depth analysis of existing literature, policy reviews, and interviews with key stakeholders, this study provides insights into the current situation and offers recommendations to foster a more inclusive educational system in Pakistan.

Introduction:

This research study is addressing the problem and plight of the transgender community in our country Pakistan. Before starting the debate, it is very important to understand ‘who are transgenders?’ and ‘why are they alienated from the community’?

Who are Transgenders?

Transgender is a term to define people whose gender identification is not defined or confused as compared to the gender system male or female.

Transgender individuals are people whose gender identity does not align with the sex they were assigned at birth. Gender identity is a deeply-held sense of being male, female, or something else, while sex is assigned based on physical attributes at birth. Trans people may undergo medical interventions, such as hormone therapy or surgeries, to align their physical appearance with their gender identity.

The alienation or marginalization of transgender individuals from society is rooted in various factors, including societal norms, misunderstandings, and prejudices. Transgender people have often faced discrimination, stigmatization, and prejudice that can lead to exclusion, violence, and limited access to basic rights and opportunities.

Some reasons for this alienation include:

1. Lack of understanding: Many individuals are not familiar with or have misconceptions about transgender identities, leading to fear, discomfort, or refusal to accept them.

2. Cultural and religious beliefs: Certain cultural and religious beliefs may not acknowledge or accept transgender identities, leading to rejection or exclusion.

3. Social norms and expectations: Society often adheres to binary gender norms, where individuals are categorized as either male or female. Transgender identities challenge these norms, which can result in rejection or discrimination.

4. Legal and policy barriers: In some places, laws and policies lack protections for transgender.

Understanding of Educational Marginalization:

Educational marginalization refers to the systematic exclusion or marginalization of certain groups or individuals from equal access to education and educational resources. It occurs when individuals or groups face barriers that prevent them from participating fully in the education system, thus hindering their educational development and opportunities for social advancement.

There are several factors that contribute to educational marginalization, including socio-economic status, gender, race/ethnicity, disability, geographic location, and language barriers. These factors intersect and compound each other, creating a complex web of marginalization. Individuals from marginalized backgrounds often face discrimination, prejudice, and unequal treatment within educational institutions, which perpetuates and exacerbates their marginalization.

Socioeconomic status is one of the most significant factors in educational marginalization. Lower-income families often struggle to provide their children with necessary resources, such as school supplies, textbooks, and tutoring. Moreover, poverty can lead to inadequate access to quality schools, resulting in substandard educational opportunities.

Gender also plays a significant role in educational marginalization. Historically, females have been systematically excluded from education, especially in certain cultures or societies. Even in countries where gender disparity has been reduced, girls and women still face various barriers, including lack of access to schools, gender stereotypes, and discriminatory cultural practices.

Marginalized racial and ethnic communities often experience educational marginalization due to institutional racism and discrimination. Limited resources, unequal distribution of funding, biased curricula, and cultural insensitivity contribute to disparities in educational outcomes and opportunities.

Individuals with disabilities are often marginalized in educational settings. Physical or cognitive disabilities can result in limited access to mainstream education or the lack of accommodations necessary to facilitate their learning.

Geographic location can also contribute to educational marginalization. Remote or rural areas often have limited educational infrastructure, including schools, teachers, and resources, creating barriers to access for students residing in these regions.

Language barriers also contribute to educational marginalization, particularly for individuals who do not speak the dominant language of the region. Limited access to language support, lack of bilingual educators, and inadequate language instruction can hinder educational opportunities for these individuals.

Overall, educational marginalization is a complex issue that requires comprehensive efforts to address and rectify. It involves dismantling systemic barriers, challenging discriminatory practices, and ensuring that all individuals and communities have equal access to quality education. By addressing these underlying factors, it is possible to reduce educational disparities and promote inclusive and equitable educational systems.

The Emotional Plight of Transgenders of not getting Equal Opportunities in Education:

The emotional plight of transgender individuals in Pakistan often includes the struggle of not being afforded equal opportunities in education. This marginalized community faces numerous challenges and discrimination that hinder their ability to pursue education, resulting in significant emotional distress.

Transgender individuals in Pakistan frequently experience exclusion from educational institutions due to prejudice, stigma, and societal norms. Many schools and colleges refuse to enroll transgender students, denying them the basic right to education. This lack of inclusion leads to feelings of isolation, depression, and low self-worth among transgender individuals who aspire to learn and grow academically.

Moreover, even when transgender people manage to access educational institutions, they often encounter verbal and physical abuse from peers, teachers, and administrative staff. This hostile environment further exacerbates their emotional plight, making it extremely challenging for them to focus on their studies or feel a sense of belonging in educational settings.

The systemic discrimination extends beyond the classroom, impacting transgender individuals’ future prospects as well. Due to societal biases and limited employment opportunities, transgender people are frequently forced into street begging, dancing, or sex work to survive. This further perpetuates the cycle of exclusion, making it nearly impossible for them to break free from the cycle of poverty and inequality.

The emotional impact of such educational disparities can be severe. Transgender individuals may experience feelings of hopelessness, frustration, and a sense of being trapped due to the lack of educational opportunities. Denied access to mainstream education, they may also struggle to develop essential skills and knowledge required for personal and professional growth. This further perpetuates societal prejudice, as education is crucial for challenging stereotypes and promoting inclusivity.

To address this issue, concerted efforts are required from various stakeholders. Educational policies must be enacted to ensure equal access to education for transgender individuals, and schools and colleges should be encouraged to develop inclusive environments that protect their rights and enable them to thrive. Sensitization programs for teachers, students, and the wider community are also essential to foster empathy, understanding, and acceptance.

Providing transgender individuals with equal opportunities in education not only acknowledges their fundamental right to learn but also contributes to their emotional well-being, empowering them to overcome societal barriers and realize their full potential. Only through inclusive educational practices can we create a more equitable and compassionate society for transgender individuals in Pakistan.

Transgenders Education Act Pakistan:

The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act 2018, also known as the Transgender Education Act, is a significant legislation in Pakistan aimed at protecting and promoting the rights of transgender individuals, including their right to education. The Act was passed unanimously by the Senate and National Assembly of Pakistan and received assent from the President on May 18, 2018.

The Act recognizes the right of transgender persons to education, which includes access to educational institutions and facilities without discrimination. It prohibits the denial of admission, expulsion, and unfair treatment of transgender students based on their gender identity. Moreover, the Act mandates the inclusion of transgender students in all educational and co-curricular activities, ensuring their participation and full inclusion in the academic environment.

To implement the Act effectively, it requires educational institutions to create safe and inclusive environments for transgender students. This includes providing separate toilets and changing rooms for transgender students, where they can feel comfortable and respected. It also mandates the formation of harassment complaint committees in educational institutions to provide a mechanism for transgender students to report any instances of discrimination or harassment.

In addition to protecting the right to education, the Act also addresses other important aspects related to transgender rights in Pakistan. It prohibits discrimination in employment, healthcare, and access to public places. It also recognizes the right to self-perceived gender identity and ensures legal recognition of transgender persons through a self-identified gender marker on official documents.

The Transgender Education Act is a significant step towards ensuring equal educational opportunities for transgender individuals in Pakistan. It aims to reduce discrimination, promote inclusivity, and empower transgender students to pursue their educational goals without fear of stigma or unfair treatment.

Theory and Policy for Transgender’s in Pakistan:

Unfortunately, there is limited information available regarding an explicit “Transgender Education Act” in Pakistan. However, it is worth noting that the transgender community in Pakistan faces significant barriers when it comes to accessing education. Discrimination, bullying, and harassment are common instances faced by transgender students, with a lack of understanding and inclusive policies in educational institutions. The failure to address the unique needs and experiences of transgender individuals perpetuates social exclusion and further marginalizes them from participating in quality education.

A 2017 report by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) reveals that “there is an urgent need to reform education curricula and focus on inclusivity, tolerance, and acceptance of transgender individuals within educational spaces in Pakistan” (UNDP, 2017). The report further highlights how the majority of transgender individuals in Pakistan drop out of schools due to harassment and prejudice they face, emphasizing the need for a comprehensive policy framework to address these challenges.

In line with this, the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act 2018 was introduced by the government of Pakistan, aiming to protect the rights of transgender individuals in various aspects of life, including education. However, the implementation and impact of this act on transgender education remain unclear.

It is vital for Pakistan’s education authorities to prioritize policies that ensure safe, inclusive, and non-discriminatory environments for transgender students. This requires addressing challenges such as gender-sensitive curriculum development, teacher training programs to foster understanding and empathy, and establishing support mechanisms to aid transgender students in their educational journey.

Implementation and Improvement of Educational Policy for Transgenders in Pakistan:

In recent years, there has been an increasing recognition of the need to address the educational needs of transgender individuals in Pakistan. To ensure their inclusivity, the implementation of educational policies for transgender students should focus on the following areas:

Non-Discrimination Policy: The first step in promoting transgender inclusivity is the establishment of a non-discrimination policy in educational institutions. This policy should outline that transgender individuals have the right to receive education without facing any discrimination, harassment, or bullying based on their gender identity.

Inclusive school environments: Develop policies that promote gender inclusivity and create safe spaces for transgender students to learn without fear of discrimination or harassment. This can be achieved by implementing anti-bullying and anti-discrimination measures, such as strict disciplinary actions against individuals who engage in discriminatory behavior.

Sensitization and Awareness Programs: Conducting sensitization and awareness programs for school staff, teachers, and students is crucial in creating an inclusive and respectful learning environment. These programs should aim to challenge gender stereotypes, debunk myths surrounding transgender identities, and promote empathy and understanding among all stakeholders.

Gender-Affirming Infrastructure: Schools should have gender-affirming infrastructure, including gender-neutral restrooms and changing rooms. This will ensure that transgender students have access to safe and inclusive facilities without feeling isolated or uncomfortable.

Special Support Services: Transgender students may face unique challenges, such as mental health issues, bullying, or social exclusion. Establishing special support services, such as counseling, peer support groups, or dedicated student welfare officers, can provide necessary assistance to transgender students who may require additional support.

Inclusive Curriculum: The curriculum should be revised to include information about gender diversity, transgender rights, and contributions made by transgender individuals to society. This will help in normalizing transgender identities and fostering a more inclusive representation in educational materials.

Scholarships and Financial Aid: To tackle economic barriers to education, it is essential to provide scholarships and financial aid specifically targeting transgender students. This will ensure that education is accessible to all, regardless of their socio-economic background.

teacher Training: Providing comprehensive training to teachers on how to address the needs of transgender students is crucial. This training should focus on creating an inclusive classroom atmosphere, understanding gender diversity, and promoting positive interactions among students.

Collaboration with NGOs: Collaborating with local non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that work towards transgender rights can be beneficial. These organizations can provide valuable insights, resources, and support to educational institutions in implementing transgender-inclusive policies.

Monitoring and Evaluation: Regular monitoring and evaluation of the implemented policies are necessary to assess their effectiveness and identify areas for improvement. This should include collecting data on transgender student enrollment, retention, and academic performance to ensure their educational needs are being met adequately.

Legal Protections: Advocating for legal protections for transgender individuals, including specific provisions within educational laws, will help enforce transgender-inclusive policies and safeguard the rights of transgender students.

Some Examples of Flourishing Transgenders In Pakistan:

Here are a few notable examples of flourishing transgender individuals in Pakistan:

1. Kami Sid: Kami Sid is a transgender activist, model, and actress, who has been at the forefront of advocating for transgender rights in Pakistan. She made history by becoming the first transgender model to walk the ramp at a major fashion show in the country. Kami Sid has been actively involved in raising awareness about the challenges faced by the transgender community and has worked towards creating more inclusive spaces.

2. Nisha Rao: Nisha Rao is a prominent transgender lawyer in Pakistan, and the first transgender person to obtain a law degree in the country. She has been working tirelessly to fight for the rights of transgender individuals, especially in the legal sphere. Nisha Rao has made significant contributions towards the recognition and acceptance of transgender rights in Pakistan’s legal system.

3. Alisha: Alisha is a transgender activist who has been advocating for transgender rights and social acceptance in Pakistan. She gained attention after a tragic incident in which she was shot multiple times and later succumbed to her injuries. Her case led to increased awareness about violence against transgender individuals and sparked a conversation about the need for their protection and equal rights in Pakistan.

These individuals, along with many others, are making significant strides in challenging societal norms and promoting equality for transgender people in Pakistan. Their work serves as an inspiration and catalyst for change in the country’s perception and treatment of the transgender community.

In conclusion, the implementation of educational policies for transgender individuals in Pakistan requires a comprehensive and multi-faceted approach. By focusing on non-discrimination, sensitization, infrastructure, support services, curriculum, financial aid, teacher training, collaboration, monitoring, and legal protections, educational institutions can foster an inclusive and equitable learning environment for transgender students. All these individuals can attain their own identity by doing some great work and accomplishments if given a chance. They are equally smart, intelligent, sensitive, emotional, and competitive as any other individual in the society.

The Impact of Key Policy for Transgender Education in Pakistan:

The impact of a key policy on transgender education in Pakistan is likely to be significant and far-reaching. This policy can have several implications, including:

1. Increased access to education: One of the main consequences of such a policy would be the increased accessibility of education for transgender individuals in Pakistan. Historically, transgender people have faced numerous barriers to education, such as discrimination, stigma, and harassment. A policy specifically focused on transgender education would help break down these barriers and ensure that transgender students have equal opportunities to pursue education.

2. Reduction in dropout rates: Transgender students often face bullying and discrimination in schools, leading to higher dropout rates. With a policy in place, schools would be compelled to create a more inclusive and safer environment, reducing the likelihood of transgender students leaving school early. This would, in turn, contribute to a decrease in the overall dropout rates among transgender students.

3. Empowering transgender individuals: Education is an empowering tool that can provide individuals with knowledge, critical thinking skills, and opportunities for personal growth. By focusing on transgender education, the policy would help empower transgender individuals in Pakistan. It would equip them with the necessary skills and knowledge to pursue further education, employment, and actively participate in society.

4. Increased acceptance and social integration: The policy would promote acceptance and inclusion of transgender individuals in society. By educating students and teachers about transgender issues and fostering understanding and empathy, it would help change societal attitudes toward transgender individuals. This could lead to greater social integration and reduce the discrimination and marginalization faced by transgender people in various aspects of their lives.

5. Economic impact: Providing transgender individuals with access to education can have positive economic ramifications. With better education and skills, transgender individuals would have increased opportunities for securing better employment and higher incomes. This could contribute to reducing poverty rates among transgender communities and improving their overall quality of life.

6. Long-term societal change: A policy on transgender education has the potential to bring about lasting societal change. By addressing the education needs of transgender individuals, it challenges existing norms and prejudices. Over time, this can lead to a more inclusive society that values diversity and respects the rights of all individuals, regardless of their gender identity.

However, it is important to recognize that the impact of any policy is contingent on its effective implementation, awareness, and acceptance by all stakeholders involved.

Models and Theories of Quality Management:

There currently isn’t a lot of research or literature available specifically focused on quality management and delivery in transgender education in Pakistan. However, we can evaluate some existing models and theories of education and quality management to gain a general understanding of their relevance and potential applicability in this context.

1. Total Quality Management (TQM):

TQM is a widely known and implemented approach to quality management, which focuses on engaging every member of an organization in continuous improvement efforts. It emphasizes customer satisfaction, process improvement, and the involvement of all stakeholders. While TQM has primarily been applied in the industrial and business sectors, its principles can potentially be adapted to the educational context. Transgender education programs in Pakistan could explore the principles of TQM such as customer (transgender students) focus, teamwork, and continuous improvement to enhance the quality of education and delivery.

2. Stakeholder Theory:

The stakeholder theory suggests that organizations should focus on meeting the needs and expectations of all relevant stakeholders. In the context of transgender education in Pakistan, stakeholders may include transgender students, educators, parents, community organizations, and governmental bodies. Embracing stakeholder theory can help ensure that educational programs consider the diverse needs of different stakeholders and work towards meeting these needs effectively and inclusively.

3. Inclusive Education Models:

Inclusive education models emphasize creating learning environments that accommodate the diverse needs and abilities of all students, regardless of their gender identity, disabilities, or other characteristics. These models aim to provide equal access to education and resources for all learners. In the context of transgender education in Pakistan, adopting inclusive education models can help to promote acceptance, reduce discrimination, and create safe spaces for transgender students to learn and thrive.

4. Human Rights-Based Approach:

A human rights-based approach to quality management and delivery in transgender education emphasizes the protection and fulfillment of human rights, including the right to education. This approach focuses on recognizing and addressing the structural challenges faced by transgender individuals, such as discrimination, violence, and limited access to opportunities. By incorporating this approach, transgender education programs in Pakistan can strive to create an environment where the rights of transgender students are respected, protected, and upheld.

It’s important to note that the evaluation of these models and theories is purely speculative due to the lack of specific research on quality management in transgender education in Pakistan. Implementing these models effectively would require further research, collaboration with relevant stakeholders, and pilot projects to assess their suitability and impact in the specific context of transgender education in Pakistan.

Interrelationship between Recent Development and Legislation in Transgender Education:

Pakistan, like many other countries, has experienced recent developments in transgender education and legislation. The interrelationship between these two spheres is evident as each informs and influences the other.

Development in Transgender Education System:

In recent years, there has been a growing recognition of transgender rights in Pakistan, including in the education sector. Efforts have been made to promote access to education for transgender individuals. This has led to the establishment of transgender-specific schools and the inclusion of transgender students in mainstream educational institutions.

Legislation for Transgender Rights:

Pakistan has witnessed significant legislative developments regarding transgender rights. In 2018, the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act was passed, which recognizes transgender individuals’ right to self-identify their gender and provides protections against discrimination and harassment. This legislation also addresses transgender inclusion in educational institutions.

In conclusion, the recent developments in the transgender education system and legislation in Pakistan are closely intertwined. The legislative measures provide a legal framework for promoting transgender inclusion and non-discrimination in education, while the education system plays a vital role in raising awareness, implementing policies, and empowering transgender individuals. However, overcoming implementation challenges and fostering a truly inclusive education system requires continuous efforts and societal acceptance.

Examples of some Organizations Working for Transgenders’ Education:

There are a few organizations in Pakistan that are actively working towards transgender education and rights. Here are some examples:

1. TransAction Pakistan: TransAction is a transgender rights organization in Pakistan that focuses on advocacy, raising awareness, and education. They work to empower transgender individuals by providing them access to education and vocational training.

2. Khawaja Sira Society: This organization works specifically for the rights and education of the Khawaja Sira community, which includes transgender individuals. They are actively involved in promoting transgender education and providing scholarships to transgender students.

3. All-Pakistan Transgender Election Network: The All-Pakistan Transgender Election Network is dedicated to promoting transgender rights and political participation. They work towards transgender education, enabling transgender individuals to understand their rights and engage in the democratic process.

4. Gender Interactive Alliance (GIA): GIA is a non-profit organization that focuses on transgender rights activism, education, and healthcare in Pakistan. They have implemented various education and advocacy programs aimed at empowering transgender individuals.

5. Queer Pakistan: This organization is committed to promoting the rights and well-being of LGBTQ+ individuals, including transgender people, in Pakistan. They conduct awareness campaigns and workshops on gender identity, sexual diversity, and transgender issues.

These organizations, amongst others, are playing an important role in promoting transgender education and creating awareness about the rights and challenges faced by transgender individuals in Pakistan.

Current Educational Practices Due to Change Legislation:

The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2018:

The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act was passed in May 2018, providing legal protection and recognition for transgender individuals in Pakistan.

The Act acknowledges the rights of transgender people to education, along with various other rights such as inheritance, employment, healthcare, and protection against harassment.

2. Inclusion of Transgender Students in Educational Institutions:

After the legislative changes, efforts have been made to include transgender students in mainstream educational institutions in Pakistan.

Some educational institutions have begun to establish policies for enrollment, admission, and protection against discrimination against transgender students.

3. Awareness and Sensitization Programs:

To promote acceptance and inclusivity, various organizations, non-governmental organizations, and LGBTQ+ rights groups in Pakistan have conducted awareness and sensitization programs.

These programs aim to educate educators, students, and communities about transgender issues, highlighting the importance of equal access to education for transgender individuals.

4. Challenges and Barriers:

Despite legislative changes and efforts toward inclusion, transgender individuals in Pakistan still face numerous challenges and barriers when it comes to education.

Discrimination, stigma, and societal prejudices can prevent transgender students from accessing and completing their education.

Lack of acceptance, bullying, and limited support services within educational institutions further hinder their educational progress.

Future of Transgender Education in Pakistan:

In recent years, there has been a growing recognition and acceptance of transgender rights and identities in Pakistan. This has resulted in some positive developments in terms of transgender education in the country. Here are a few potential trends and scenarios that could shape its future:

1. Inclusion in mainstream education: Efforts might be made to increase the inclusion of transgender students in mainstream educational institutions. This could involve implementing policies that protect transgender students from discrimination and providing sensitivity training to teachers and administrators.

2. Specialized transgender education: Recognizing the unique challenges faced by transgender individuals, the development of specialized educational programs targeting their needs might emerge. These programs could focus on providing comprehensive education, including academic subjects, vocational training, and life skills.

3. Advocacy and awareness: Activists and organizations advocating for transgender rights may push for greater inclusion of transgender issues and perspectives in educational curricula. This could involve integrating transgender history, gender studies, and sensitivity education into existing educational frameworks.

4. Community-led initiatives: Transgender-led community organizations might take the lead in providing education and support to transgender individuals. They could establish community centers where transgender individuals can access educational resources, vocational training, and mentorship programs.

5. Collaboration with international organizations: International organizations working on transgender rights and education might partner with local NGOs, government bodies, and educational institutions to support and enhance transgender education initiatives. This could bring in additional resources, expertise, and best practices from around the world.

However, it is important to acknowledge that progress in transgender education in Pakistan may face various challenges, including societal stigma, discriminatory attitudes, lack of funding, and religious conservatism. Overcoming these barriers will require the sustained efforts of activists, educators, policymakers, and the wider society to create an inclusive and equitable environment for transgender individuals to access education.

It is crucial to keep in mind that the future is inherently uncertain, and the trajectory of transgender education in Pakistan will depend on various factors, including political will, social attitudes, and policy reforms. Even though it is a tough call, yet we are not disappointed in their rightful acceptance in our society.

Bibliography:

– The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act 2018. Retrieved from http://www.na.gov.pk/uploads/documents/1528967232_416.pdf

– Trans persons to get national identity cards, passports: Nisar. (2017, March 9). The Express Tribune. Retrieved from https://tribune.com.pk/story/1346228/trans-persons-get-national-identity-cards-passports-nisar/ Legal protection: Advocate for legal protections against discrimination based on gender identity in educational institutions, ensuring that transgender students’ rights are safeguarded and enforced by law.

– Centre for Law and Policy, “Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2018.” Available [online]: http://cplc.org.pk/news/transgender-persons-protection-of-rights-act-2018/.

– International Organization for Migration (IOM), “Legal Gender Recognition for Transgender Persons in Pakistan.” Available [online]: https://pakistan.iom.int/legal-gender-recognition-transgender-persons-pakistan.

– Express Tribune, “Addressing the Transgender Education Crisis in Pakistan,” by Zainab Akram. Available [online]: https://tribune.com.pk/story/2274105/addressing-the-transgender-education-crisis-in-pakistan.

Improving educational policies for transgender individuals in Pakistan would not only enable them to gain an education but also contribute to breaking societal stereotypes, fostering acceptance, and promoting a more inclusive and equitable society as a whole.- Pakistan’s Parliament Passes a Landmark Transgender Rights Bill. (2018, May 17). Human Rights Watch. Retrieved from https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/05/17/pakistans-parliament-passes-landmark-transgender-rights-bill

– United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2017). Being LGBT in Asia: Pakistan Country Report. Retrieved from https://www.asia-pacific.undp.org/content/rbap/en/home/library/democratic_governance/being-lgbt-in-asia–pakistan-country-report.html

– Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act 2018. Retrieved from http://pakistanlawyer.com/2019/01/02/transgender-persons-protection-of-rights-act-2018/

By Ayesha Aamir